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The Assumption of Hannele
''The Ascension of Little Hannele'' ((ドイツ語:Hanneles Himmelfahrt)), also known simply as ''Hannele'', is an 1893 play by the German playwright Gerhart Hauptmann.〔Hartnoll (1983, 377).〕 In contrast to Hauptmann's naturalistic dramas, ''The Assumption of Hannele'' adopts a more symbolist dramaturgy and includes a dream sequence.〔Bédé and Edgerton (1980, 349), Brockett and Hildy (2003, 396), and Hartnoll (1983, 377).〕 The play is the first in recorded world literature with a child as its heroine.〔Bédé and Edgerton (1980, 349).〕 It was first published in 1894. Hauptmann was awarded the Grillparzer Prize in 1896 for the play.
==Production history==
The play received its première under the title ''Hannele'' at the Königliches Schauspielhaus in Berlin, opening on 14 December 1893. The production was directed by Max Grube, with music by Max Marschalk. The cast included Adalbert Matkowsky.
The play was directed by the seminal Russian theatre practitioner Constantin Stanislavski with his Society of Art and Literature in Moscow, in a production that opened on .〔Benedetti (1999, 385) and Worrall (1996, 30).〕 At the request of Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, who considered Hauptmann to be a playwright superior to Henrik Ibsen, the play was to be included in the repertoire of the first season of their world-famous Moscow Art Theatre.〔Benedetti (1999, 65, 67) and Worrall (1996, 30).〕 At the play's first read-though, it reduced the entire company, with the exception of Vsevolod Meyerhold (who had been cast as the Angel of Death), to tears.〔Benedetti (1999, 72) and Worrall (1996, 30).〕 On , however, the production was banned, following protests made by the Russian Orthodox Church, despite having been passed by the censor.〔Benedetti (1999, 84) and Worrall (1996, 30, 56).〕
Productions in the United States include one in New York at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, which opened on 1 May 1894, a second at the Lyceum Theatre, which opened on 11 April 1910 and which featured Minnie Fiske, and a third at the Cort Theatre, which opened on 15 February 1924.〔Hartnoll (1893, 377), , and .〕 British productions include one in Liverpool in 1913 in which both Gertrude Lawrence and Noël Coward were involved and another in London in 1924.〔Day (2007, 34), Hartnoll (1983, 377), and Morley (1981, 9–12).〕
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